The adrenal gland is a small but vital gland in the body that sits atop the kidneys and helps regulate hormones Its role in the body is essential to maintain proper functioning of the endocrine system. The adrenal gland is composed of two parts, the cortex, which produces hormones like cortisol and aldosterone, and the medulla, which produces epinephrine and norepinephrine. These hormones control metabolism, stress response, digestion, immunity, and many other bodily processes.
The most common dysfunction of the adrenal gland is adrenal insufficiency, or Addison’s Disease. Adrenal insufficiency occurs when the body does not produce enough of the hormones produced by the adrenal gland. Symptoms can include fatigue, weight loss, nausea, vomiting, low blood pressure, and muscle weakness.
Another dysfunction of the adrenal gland is Cushing’s Syndrome. Cushing’s Syndrome is caused by an overproduction of cortisol and can lead to rapid weight gain, skin features such as “moon face”, and cushingoid features such as buffalo hump.
A third common dysfunction is called congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). CAH is caused by a defect in the adrenal gland that prevents it from making enough of the hormones needed by the body. Symptoms of CAH can include skin rash, increased hair growth, and sexual ambiguity.
A fourth dysfunction of the adrenal gland is pheochromocytoma. Pheochromocytoma is a rare tumor of the adrenal gland that causes excessive production of epinephrine, one of the hormones produced by the adrenal gland. Symptoms may include excessive sweating, tremors, headaches, and abdominal pain.
The fifth dysfunction of the adrenal gland is adrenal tumor. An adrenal tumor is an abnormal growth of cells in the adrenal gland that can cause excessive production of hormones. Symptoms of an adrenal tumor may include high blood pressure, rapid heartbeat, headaches, nausea, and confusion.
These are five of the most common dysfunctions of the adrenal gland. While these conditions can be serious and require medical attention, they also can be treated effectively with an individual plan of care. It is important to speak with your doctor if any of the symptoms described above are present, as early detection and proper treatment can help prevent long-term issues.