Deontological ethics is a philosophical discipline that evaluates the morality of an action or decision by its adherence to a set of universal moral rules or principles This ethical system holds that decisions are to be made not according to the outcomes of the actions, but on the basis of whether or not the action performs in accordance with a predetermined moral code. Deontology often holds a moral code to be of the utmost importance, and argues that morals should not be compromised, regardless of the outcome of the action in question.
Example 1: Kant’s Categorical Imperative
Kant's Categorical Imperative is one of the most famous and influential examples of deontological ethics. This ethical framework states that we must only act according to maxims, or the rules by which we judge our own actions. Kant believed that if an action fails to adhere to these maxims then it should not be carried out, even if the outcome of the action is desirable. This means that any action that fails to uphold an essential moral principle should not be done, no matter how much good it may deliver in the short term.
Example 2: Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism is another example of deontology that lies in stark contrast to Kant's Categorical Imperative. Utilitarians contend that the morality of an action should be evaluated based on the long-term benefit it delivers to all affected parties, not just the individual who performed the action. This means that an action may be allowed or even encouraged if its outcome is beneficial for the greater good, even if it goes against a predetermined moral code.
Example 3: Divine Command Theory
Divine Command Theory is a type of deontology in which all morality derives from the will of a higher power. This religious code holds that because God creates all morality, humans should strive to act in accordance with his commands as outlined in holy texts like the Bible. This means that even if an action goes against human conventions and laws, it should still be followed if it aligns with God’s will.
Example 4: Virtue Ethics
Virtue Ethics is a type of deontological system in which the morality of an action is determined by whether or not it develops the individual’s character or virtue. This code argues that all morality should be judged not on the action itself, but on the inner qualities it develops in the individual who performs it. This means that any action which leads to an individual improving their character and behaving virtuously should be done, even if it has a negative outcome in the short-term.
Example 5: The Golden Rule
The Golden Rule is a deontological principle that consists of a simple edict, “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.” This basic moral rule puts the focus on treating other people as we would want to be treated, regardless of the consequences or outcome of our actions. It suggests that even if the immediate outcome of an action is positive for us, if it would not be considered acceptable to treat another person the same way, then it should not be done.