Joseph Campbell is a famed American mythologist, writer, and lecturer He is best known for his work in comparative mythology and religion, and is credited with bringing mythology and storytelling to a broader audience. The concept he is most known for is the "Hero's Journey" or the "monomyth" - a framework that describes the common patterns of heroic journeys as illustrated throughout world mythology and literature.
1. The Departure: This stage of the Hero's Journey often involves a call to adventure, in which an individual is asked to leave the comfort of their home and embark on a special journey. This usually involves the hero overcoming fears and taking risks in order to ultimately prove themselves and their abilities. Examples include Frodo leaving the Shire in Lord of the Rings, and Harry Potter leaving the Dursley's home to attend Hogwarts.
2. The Initiation: This stage of heroic journey often involves the hero undergoing various tests and trials as they move further along in their journey. This stage is intended to challenge the hero, push boundaries, and teach them important lessons that they will require to navigate the rest of their quest. Examples include Luke Skywalker learning to use the Force in Star Wars, and Harry Potter going to the Forbidden Forest in order to face the Hungarian Horntail dragon in the Triwizard Tournament.
3. The Return: At the end of their journey, the hero is often required to return home with the wisdom gained from the trials and teachings throughout their quest. This stage often includes the hero sacrificing something to protect their home or people. Examples include Frodo sacrificing himself to save Middle Earth in Lord of the Rings, and Harry Potter sacrificing himself to save his friends from Voldemort in the Battle of Hogwarts.
4. The Transformation: Throughout their journey, the hero often undergoes a psychological transformation. This transformation is often marked by a newfound knowledge, strength, or courage which they can use to help others along their own journeys. Examples include Katniss Everdeen becoming a symbol of hope after competing in the Hunger Games, and Aladdin taking a stand against Jafar in the Cave of Wonders.
5. The Aftermath: After their transformation, the hero often faces a setback which leads to a period of deep contemplation and internal questioning. This stage is meant to test their newfound wisdom in order to prepare them for future challenges and opportunities. Examples include Neo losing his powers in The Matrix Trilogy, and Simba doubting himself when facing Scar in The Lion King.