What is Mitochondrion?
Mitochondrion is a membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic cells, including those of humans It is the powerhouse of the cell, producing energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) that can be used to fuel many of the cell’s activities. Mitochondria are relatively small and consist of an outer membrane enclosing a matrix of enzymes and other proteins in their interior. The most important of these proteins are involved in energy-generating metabolic pathways.
Mitochondria are believed to have originated from endosymbiotic bacteria. In simple terms, this means that ancient prokaryotic cells engulfed other prokaryotic cells to form the first primitive eukaryotic cells. Over time, the engulfed bacteria evolved and integrated within the cell and became the mitochondria.
Mitochondria have their own genetic material, a type of circular DNA similar to bacterial DNA. This genetic material is transmitted from parent to offspring, but not in the same way as the DNA in the nucleus is. In any case, this genetic information is important in controlling mitochondrial function.
Examples of How Mitochondrion Affects Our Lives
1. Generation of Energy: Mitochondria are responsible for creating energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). This energy is used to power most of the cell’s activities including cell growth, metabolism and movement. In humans, ATP is used to power most of our daily activities, from running and walking to thinking and talking. Without ATP, we would be unable to do any of these activities.
2. Mitochondrial Disease: Mitochondrial diseases are caused by an impairment in the function of the mitochondria. These diseases can be caused by mutations in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear DNA. When the mitochondria are not functioning properly, cells become unable to produce energy, leading to a variety of symptoms that depend on the affected organ or system. These symptoms can range from mild fatigue to severe neurological disorders.
3. Aging: Mitochondria play a role in the aging process. As people age, their mitochondria become less efficient at producing energy and producing enzymes that help protect against oxidative stress. This can lead to age-related conditions such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.
4. Cancer: Mitochondria are also involved in the development of cancer. In normal cells, mitochondria act as a brake on uncontrolled cell growth. However, in cancer cells, the mitochondria become more active and promote uncontrolled cell growth, a condition known as oncogenesis.
5. Metabolic Regulation: Mitochondria are also involved in the regulation of various metabolic processes, such as the breakdown of fatty acids for energy and the synthesis of cholesterol. This is important for proper metabolic balance in our bodies and helps maintain appropriate levels of glucose and lipids in the blood.