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Network topology is the arrangement of networks, computers, and other related devices in an interconnected fashion It describes how these devices are connected together, which devices are responsible for communication, and how information and data flow between them. It is an important concept in computer networks as it dictates how devices communicate and the level of complexity required to successfully connect everything together. Network topology can be arranged using several different configurations. The five most commonly used network topology examples are star topology, bus topology, ring topology, mesh topology, and tree topology. Star Topology The star topology involves the connection of all devices to a central hub or switch. Every device is connected directly to the hub, which is responsible for collecting, sending, and receiving data from the network. The star topology is the most common topology used in computer networking because it provides the highest level of performance, reliability, and flexibility. Advantages of this topology include ease of setup and maintenance, easy fault isolation, and low cost. However, a single point of failure (i.e., the hub) can be an issue. Bus Topology In the bus topology, all devices are connected to a single cable that runs in a straight line. This cable is called the backbone, and it contains two connectors – one at each end – that all devices must be connected to. Data is sent by a device to the backbone, which sends it to all other connected devices. The bus topology is simple and cost-effective, but it has limited scalability and can be affected by noise. Ring Topology In the ring topology, all devices are connected to one another in a loop. This means that each device has exactly two connections (i.e., one on either side of it on the loop), which allows the data to travel in a single, continuous circuit. The ring topology is reliable but can be slow because data must travel through each device in the loop before being received. Mesh Topology The mesh topology is the most robust, as it involves each device being connected to every other device in the network. This ensures that if one connection fails, there is still a route for data to travel through. However, this topology is also the most expensive and difficult to configure. Tree Topology The tree topology involves the connection of all devices to a hierarchal structure, with the root (or main) device being the central hub and all other devices connected to this hub. This topology is useful for large networks as it allows for simpler network management, higher scalability, and more efficient data communication. Disadvantages include increased complexity as the network size grows, difficulty in fault isolation, and higher cost. Overall, the topology used for a computer network should be chosen based on the size, complexity, and requirements of the network. Each topology has its own advantages and disadvantages, but the most important factor is finding the best configuration for a given network.